For many years, Africa
has been lamenting the massive and continuous loss of its skilled labor and
intellectuals to countries in other continents, mostly to Europe and North
America. Brain drain has been partly blamed for Africa’s elusive quest for
economic development but efforts to reverse or at least minimize this worrying
trend seldom goes beyond the payment of lip-service. Governments, educational
institutions, research agencies and concerned individuals regularly bewail,
research, discuss, and debate brain drain but do not seem to be either
proposing models and measures or, taking the necessary steps, to curb it. It
for this reason that I have decided to discuss the issue and propose some
measures for the amelioration of this persistent problem.
To
begin with, brain drain is not just an “African Problem” requiring “African
Solutions”. It is a global problem that requires a consented, global effort to
curb. While Africa loses its learned and skilled manpower and a valuable tax
base, recipient countries are faced with stiffer competition for jobs and
increased pressures on social amenities. Given that Africa needs all the
productive manpower it can get to spur development, it is imperative for Africa
to lead the search for ways to minimize brain drain. Besides the vast majority
of Africa’s migrants stay within the continent. However, the unregulated flow
of intellectual expertise and skilled labor is robbing the African continent of
the human resources needed to promote development and spur better living
conditions. The human resources of African countries are attracted by the
appealing offers of funding, higher wages and improved living conditions to migrate
to other continents denying their native countries and continent the benefits
that come with their knowledge, expertise and skill. Educational scholarships
offered by schools in more developed countries have become key sources of brain
drain with thousands of African students flooding into the education systems of
granting countries each year. Many of these student opt to remain in their host
countries even after their education rather than return to help build Africa.
Like many other Africans, I lament this trend but my real pain is in why Africa
is doing so little about this trend. In my opinion, the key factors supporting
brain drain are endogenous; they are the result of the failures of African
stakeholders to act in the interest of the continent and its component
countries.
THE
PROBLEM
Decades of economic mismanagement, corruption and bad
governance and scarce human capital development opportunities have reduced
Africa to a producer of academic raw materials which can be extracted,
transferred to foreign lands and processed for the benefit of their new
societies. Africa fails to realize and harness the extensive potentials of its
population and as such the frustrations of limited opportunities combine with
the attractive packages promised by developed countries to support brain drain.
While creativity, problem solving and opportunities for capability enhancement
drive economic success in developed countries, the same cannot be said for much
of Africa. African economies appear to me to be driven (into a ditch) by two
unreliable, potentially destructive factors; an overreliance on the production
of raw materials and divisive partisan politics. Limited opportunities and
misplaced priorities have doomed African development to a snail’s pace.
Invaluable human capital and talent either goes to waste or is underdeveloped
because the society offers limited opportunities for nurturing such potential.
The result is that our people migrate to other continents in search of better
opportunities.
On one
hand, Africa is almost completely dependent on agriculture with about 70% of
the continent employed in the sector. However, productivity in the agriculture
sector is far lower than that of Europe and North America both of which have
less than 10% of their respective populations employed in the sector. While
agriculture in Africa is oversubscribed, many still use rudimentary
agricultural methods to produce raw materials for sale. In the long run, much
of these raw produce are exported to other continents as cheap prices where
they are then processed into finish goods only for us to import them back into
our countries at much higher prices. The huge trade deficits that this creates
take years and billions to finance, money that could be valuable capital for
domestic industries and for infrastructural development. Without the needed
capital and infrastructural base, local industries lose to the better resourced
foreign, multinational corporations which export much of their profits out of
Africa and poach our skilled labor.
On the
other hand, divisive partisan politics (contaminated by corruption, greed and
the biases of ethnic and religious affiliations) militate against the search
for lasting solutions to Africa’s development problems. Our politicians seem to
live for themselves and their families and cohorts, not giving a “hoot” what
our needs are for as long as they can satisfy theirs. Support and capital for
local business is barely there and governments are doing little to meet
deficits in the supply of basic infrastructure like good roads and energy
supply. This increases the cost of doing business in Africa, limits the
production and employment capacities of businesses and makes migration to
“greener pastures” more appealing. With our failure to identify, support,
harness and retain our best minds, we lose many of them to other continents
which are ready to pay for their expertise. We do not make the best of our
human resources so we are losing it to those who do. The little we have is
easily taken from us because we do little to protect and retain it.
THE
SOLUTIONS
In
order to curb brain drain, Africa must take bold and committed measures to
overhaul its national institutions and we the people must change our attitude
to work, human resource development and resource distribution. Based on the
fact that it is in Africa’s best interest to combat brain drain (given its
adverse effects on the continent’s development), we ought to put measures in
place to, first of all, reduce the rate of brain drain in the long term. This
will require that we make our national institutions more resilient and
competent enough to enforce laws and deliver on their assigned and expected
functions with utmost diligence and reliability. The bulk of Africa’s problems
are because our laws, institutions and personnel do not work at their best as
they should and combating brain drain is no different. Ultimately, African
governments have to options in the fight against brain drain; CARROTS OR STICKS
i.e. persuasion/motivation or force. For the sake of the rights and freedoms of
the people, African governments cannot force people to remain in their
countries against their will so the use of “sticks” is, without question,
eliminated. We are then left with “carrots”, my proposed option.
Scientific
research has found humans to be responsive to stimuli, be it physical, mental
or emotional. As humans we seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain and are
more likely to exhibit behavior that elicits reward. Using these findings, I
propose that African governments use persuasive and motivational measures to
reduce brain drain and retain the expertise of Africans while attracting
Africans in the diaspora for the same agenda. Here are a few ways this can be
done.
First,
African governments must embrace the potential, positive changes that come with
the expanding literacy rates and expanded skills set of the African population.
African governments ought to embrace the continents growing middle class,
skilled labor and elite and see them as vital as partners in development rather
than as an opposition to their claim on political power. Africa is overrun by
populist governments which feel threatened by the growing middle class, elites
and local entrepreneurs and business. Rather than incorporating these classes
into governance and development, many African governments try to either starve
these groups of opportunities or corrupt and co-opt them into a spoils-system
as a way of keeping them under control. The result is that the domestic private
sector is which is meant to be an engine of growth suffers from limited
capital, low productivity and government interference and cannot contribute
much to development. It is about time
governments of African states become more accepting of the diverse views of the
people, encourage and promote meaningful debate and competition and welcome
contributions from across the political spectrum for the benefit of their
respective countries. I believe this will give the growing middle class the
opportunity to effect positive changes in government and spearhead the
transformations that will propel Africa into economic and political development.
Moreover, the
contributions of Africans outside the African continent does not have to
strictly come from their physical presence on the continent. As an old Ghanaian
adage goes “If the antelope cannot go to the festival, its skin can go in its
stead”- if migrant Africans cannot be physically present on the continent, they
can still contribute to its development through mentoring, political
debate/discussion, education and most importantly, remittances. According to
data from the World Bank Development Finance Database, remittances to Africa in
2010 was about US$45 billion. Other studies have indicated that the farther
people travel, the more remittances they make to their home countries. This
means Africans abroad are a major source of funds for family upkeep, human
capital development and business financing back home injecting billions of
dollars into their native economies each year. With the rising African
population worldwide, this trend is only set to grow. This is an added reason
why African governments ought to be more appreciative and accommodating of
their migrant nationals and harness the potentials and benefits they bring. Think
about it, popular African foods in America and Europe are so because there are
large African populations that patronize these foods abroad. Ghana’s “Azonto
Music” craze and Nigeria’s afro-pop music have caught on in the UK and
elsewhere largely because of the huge migrant African populations there,
creating a new kind of export and increasing the flow of remittances back home.
Africans
must unite to combat the cancer of corruption that robs the continent of its
potential, human capital and resources. Because of corruption, African
governments are unable and unwilling to deliver the needed services to their
people. Much of the resources earmarked for infrastructural projects and the
expansion of opportunities end up in the personal accounts of selfish, corrupt
politicians and other corrupt individuals while development opportunities
remain scarce. Domestic industries either fail or operate below capacity due to
the lack of capital and basic infrastructure like energy while contracts are
awarded to foreign companies or to corrupt local businesses in exchange for
kickbacks and political favors. The corrupted African society makes it very
difficult for individuals to develop themselves and earn good, honest living. To
the concerned African, this can be really frustrating and could be the basis
for migration elsewhere. There is the need, therefore, for the public to oppose
corruption and impress on governments to tackle the issue in all sectors of the
economy to promote the supply and provision of basic amenities so as to promote
local industries, stimulate private investment and boost public confidence in
their local economies. A transparent, responsive government is more likely to
engender a politically and economically stable environment in which people will
be more willing and more able to apply their skills, knowledge and expertise
towards earning an honest living and contributing to Africa’s development.
Furthermore,
Africans (especially those native to the continent) ought to appreciate the
contribution of the society in nurturing them. Whatever the society one was
born, raised or grew up in, there are certain environmental and social factors
that add to your strengths. We Africans ought to appreciate these contributions
more and make a commitment to give back to the societies and communities we are
from, either to correct the wrongs that persist in these societies or to help
strengthen and expand the positives therein. Africans are best placed to effect
positives changes in Africa because we best understand and appreciate the
dynamisms of our continent and have a vested interest in its development. It is
about time we transformed our lip services into positive, consistent and
productive action.
Africa
has a vast network of skilled labor, learned minds and strong manpower base
that can (and must) be harnessed for the development of the continent. If we
are failing to do so, it is not only because we are losing out to the enticing
and appealing attractions of other continents, but also because we have not put
our home continent in a position to nurture and keep these brains we lament
over. As rational humans, we are more likely to choose the path that offers the
greatest chance at maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain, and as it stands,
Africa, compared to other continents, has limited opportunities for
achievement. The onus therefore lies on all Africans and concerned global
citizens to help Africa overhaul its social structure and political and
economic institutions to make it more accommodating and attractive to the
people and to elicit the kind of committed support that any purposeful,
self-helping continent deserves.
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